Footnotes
- Source: Morgan Quitno Press. Health Care State Rankings 1996 (Morgan Quitno
Corporation, 1996). This figure was generated by comparing the change in Census Bureau
estimates for Connecticut's uninsured population from 1991 to 1994, which rose from 7.5
percent to 10.4 percent. Note, these figures differ from those reported above because the
Census Bureau measures the uninsured as a percentage of the whole population, not just
those under age 65.
- Employee Benefit Research Institute. "Sources of Health Insurance and
Characteristics of the Uninsured" (February, 1996). Note, the totals do not add to
100 percent because some individuals receive coverage from more than one source.
- Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Uninsured in America: Straight Facts on Health Reform
(April 1994). Original Source: Lewin/VHI.
- Winterbottom, C.; Liska D.; and Obermaier, K. State-Level Databook on Health Care Access
and Financing (The Urban Institute, January 1995).
- Bourget Research Group. "Connecticut Small Employer Health Reinsurance Pool: 1991
Small Business Health Insurance Attitude and Usage Study (January, 1991).
- For purposes of illustration, the 1996 federal poverty level for annual income is:
$7,740 for an individual, $10,360 for a couple, $12,980 for a family of three and $15,600
for a family of four.
- Short, Pamela Farley and Jessica S. Banthin. "New Estimates of the Underinsured
Younger than 65 Years" Journal of the American Medical Association (October
25, 1995).
- Short and Banthin characterize policies with lifetime benefits of $10 million or more as
"unlimited."
- Levit, Katherine R.; Lazenby, Helen C.; and Sivarajan, Lekha. "Health Care Spending
in 1994: Slowest in Decades," Health Affairs (Summer 1996).
- Ibid.
- Aaron, Henry J. "Thinking Straight About Medical Costs" Health Affairs
(Winter 1994).
- To find PHCE, the line items in Table 1 for research and construction, government public
health activities, and program administration and the net cost of private health insurance
would be subtracted from national health expenditures.
- Levit, Katherine R.; et. al. "State Health Expenditure Accounts: Building Blocks
for State Health Spending Analysis" Health Care Financing Review (Fall 1995).
Note, this article is the primary source for both the national and Connecticut-specific
expenditure data presented in this section.
- Arnold, Judith and Jessica Miller (Lewin-ICF). "Pursuing Health Care Reform in
Connecticut: Final Report to the Connecticut Health Care Access Commission" (July,
1992).
- For consistency with national data presented throughout the report, 1993 personal health
care expenditures are presented for Connecticut's Medicaid program. More recent
information on total Medicaid spending is available from the Department of Social Services
in a July 1995 report titled "Medical Assistance Annual Expenditure Report."
- The Henry J. Kaiser Foundation. "Medicaid Special Financing Arrangements:
Disproportionate Share Hospital (DSH) Payments, Provider Taxes, and Intergovernmental
Transfers" (April, 1995).
- Office of Health Care Access. "State Agency Health Expenditures: SFY 1994-1995
Update" (September 6, 1995).
- Agency for Health Care Policy and Research. "Use and Cost of Health Services:
Effect of Health Insurance and Other Factors" (April, 1993). The study notes that the
uninsured very likely postpone preventative and routine care until problems become very
serious and are more difficult to treat. It also warns that insured populations may
over-use care.
- Berk, Marc L., Claudia L. Schur, and Joel C. Cantor. "Ability to Obtain Health
Care: Recent Estimates From the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation National Access to Care
Survey" Health Affairs (Fall, 1995).
- Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Challenges in Health Care: A Chartbook Perspective
(1991).
- Baker, L.C. and L.S. Baker. "Excess Cost of Emergency Department Visits for
Nonurgent Care" Health Affairs (Winter, 1994).
- This section draws heavily on the work of John Kasprak, Senior Attorney with the
Connecticut General Assembly's Office of Legislative Research. For a very thorough review
of this subject, including funding levels and sources, please see Mr. Kasprak's memorandum
of February 15, 1996 regarding the Community Health Centers.
- This complicated and controversial subject will not be addressed here, other than to
note that significant issues exist. The increased competition for Medicaid reimbursement
has reduced revenues to the CHCs and will probably have a negative impact on their ability
to serve uninsured individuals.
- Lewin, Marion Ein. Building Blocks for Change: How Health Care Reform Affects Our
Future, edited by Jack A. Meyer and Sharon Silow-Carroll (The Economic and Social
Research Institute, 1993).
- Carey, Kevin M. "OHCA Issue Brief: Uncompensated Care in Connecticut" (Office
of Health Care Access, March 9, 1995).
- Office of Health Care Access. "OHCA Issue Brief No. 5: Hospital Financing and the
Uncompensated Care Program" (May 19, 1995).
- Carey, Kevin M. "OHCA Issue Brief: Uncompensated Care in Connecticut" (Office
of Health Care Access, March 9, 1995).
- Office of Health Care Access. "OHCA Issue Brief No. 5: Hospital Financing and the
Uncompensated Care Program" (May 19, 1995).
- In recent years, the revenues raised by the two hospital assessments have exceeded the
amount distributed back to the hospitals. A task force led by the Lieutenant Governor
recommended reducing the hospital tax over time to phase out the
"overassessment." In response, the legislature passed PA 96-144, which will
reduce the hospital gross receipts tax from 11 percent to 9.25 percent on October 1, 1996;
to 8.25 percent on October 1, 1997; to 7.25 percent on October 1, 1998; and to 6.25
percent on October 1, 1999. In SFY 1996-97, the additional revenue deposited in the
general fund will amount to $40 million.
- Mann, Joyce et. al. "Uncompensated Care: Hospitals' Responses to Fiscal
Pressures" Health Affairs (Spring, 1995).
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